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<article xmlns="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:lang="ru" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="eps-0.1"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">SciNotesIBI</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="ojs">SciNotesIBI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ученые записки Международного банковского института</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of the International Banking Institute</trans-title></trans-title-group><abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">Proceedings of the International Banking Institute</abbrev-journal-title><abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ученые записки Международного банковского института</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><contrib-group/><publisher><publisher-name>Международный банковский институт</publisher-name><publisher-loc><country>RU</country><uri>https://www.ibispb.ru/</uri></publisher-loc></publisher><issn pub-type="ppub">2413-3345</issn><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.ibispb.ru/index.php/SciNotesIBI"/></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">370</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="EDN">ZJENSA</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="ru">Цепочки создания стоимости. Что первично в истории денег: долг или обмен</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Value chains. What is primary in the history of money: debt or exchange</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group content-type="author"><contrib><name-alternatives><string-name specific-use="display">ЯКОВЛЕВ А.И.</string-name><name name-style="western" specific-use="primary"><surname>IAKOVLEV</surname><given-names>Alexander I.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p><strong>PhD in Economics</strong></p>
<p>Assistant professor of Department of economic</p>
<p>Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University «LETI»</p>
<p>197376, St. Petersburg, st. Professora Popova, 5</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><strong>к.э.н.</strong></p>
<p>Кафедра экономической теории</p>
<p>Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет «ЛЭТИ» им. В.И. Ульянова (Ленина)</p>
<p>197376, ул. Профессора Попова, д. 5 </p>
<p>Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p></bio></contrib><contrib><name-alternatives><string-name specific-use="display">ЗАТЕВАХИНА А.В.</string-name><name name-style="western" specific-use="primary"><surname>ZATEVAKHINA</surname><given-names>Anna V.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p><strong>Candidate of Economic Sciences, Associate Professor</strong></p>
<p>Department of Economics and Finance of Enterprises and Industries</p>
<p>International Banking Institute named after Anatoliy Sobchak</p>
<p>191011, St. Petersburg, Nevsky pr., 60 St. Petersburg, Russia</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p><strong>к.э.н., доцент</strong></p>
<p>Кафедра экономики и финансов предприятий и отраслей</p>
<p>Автономная некоммерческая организация высшего образования «Международный банковский институт имени Анатолия Собчака»</p>
<p>191023, Невский пр., 60 Санкт-Петербург, Россия</p></bio></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff-1"><institution content-type="orgname">Санкт-Петербургский государственный электротехнический университет «ЛЭТИ» им. В.И. Ульянова (Ленина)</institution></aff><aff id="aff-2"><institution content-type="orgname">Автономная некоммерческая организация высшего образования «Международный банковский институт имени Анатолия Собчака»</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2021</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub"><day>24</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></pub-date><issue seq="12">4 (38)</issue><issue-id>18</issue-id><fpage>144</fpage><lpage>159</lpage><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received: <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-13T09:30:43+00:00"><day>13</day><month>4</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2021 Scientific Notes of the International Banking Institute</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2021</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Scientific Notes of the International Banking Institute</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><license-p>&lt;a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"&gt;&lt;img alt="Лицензия Creative Commons" src="//i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;Это произведение доступно по &lt;a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"&gt;лицензии Creative Commons «Attribution-NonCommercial» («Атрибуция — Некоммерческое использование») 4.0 Всемирная&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.ibispb.ru/index.php/SciNotesIBI/article/download/370/371/1297" content-type="application/pdf"/><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.ibispb.ru/index.php/SciNotesIBI/article/view/370"/><abstract><p>Основой исследования в данной статье является цикл лекций «Blockchain &amp; Money», который прочитал осенью 2018 года в Массачусетском технологическом институте (MIT) будущий председатель SEC Гари Генслер (Gary Gensler). Этот цикл лекций заставил задуматься о современной  экономической теории и, в частности, об одном из основных вопросов - методологических проблемах теории денег и финансов: «Появились ли деньги вследствие бартера? Или же вследствие системы учёта долгов?». Иными словами, каким образом появились деньги?</p>
<p>Авторы приводят доводы в пользу того, что теоретические конструкции учёных должны быть систематизированы и совмещать в себе как исторические факты, так и экономические законы, что позволяет пересмотреть методологические подходы к исследуемому вопросу.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The basis of the study in this article is the Blockchain &amp; Money lecture cycle, which was given in the fall of 2018 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by future SEC Chairman Gary Gensler. This cycle of lectures made us think about modern economic theory, and, in particular, about one of the main questions - the methodological problems of the theory of money and finance: «Did money appear as a result of barter? Or due to the debt accounting system?». In other words, how did the money appear?</p>
<p>The authors argue that the theoretical constructions of scientists should be systematized and combine both historical facts and economic laws, which allows you to revise methodological approaches to the studied issue.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="en&lt;p class=&quot;Default&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;The basis of the study in this article is the Blockchain &amp;amp; Money lecture cycle, which was given in the fall of 2018 at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) by future SEC Chairman Gary Gensler. This cycle of lectures made us think about modern economic theory, and, in particular, about one of the main questions - the methodological problems of the theory of money and finance: «Did money appear as a result of barter? Or due to the debt accounting system?». In other words, how did the money appear?&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&#10;&lt;p class=&quot;Default&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: 0cm; text-indent: 35.45pt;&quot;&gt;&lt;span lang=&quot;EN-US&quot; style=&quot;font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;&quot;&gt;The authors argue that the theoretical constructions of scientists should be systematized and combine both historical facts and economic laws, which allows you to revise methodological approaches to the studied issue.&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/p&gt;"/><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><title>Ключевые слова</title><kwd>Деньги</kwd><kwd>денежные знаки</kwd><kwd>долг</kwd><kwd>обмен</kwd><kwd>теория стоимости</kwd><kwd>блокчейн</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>Money</kwd><kwd>banknotes</kwd><kwd>debt</kwd><kwd>exchange</kwd><kwd>the theory of value</kwd><kwd>blockchain</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source xml:lang="en">This research received no external funding.</funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source xml:lang="ru">Настоящее исследование не получило внешнего финансирования.</funding-source></award-group></funding-group><counts><page-count count="16"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-cover</meta-name><meta-value><inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="https://journal.ibispb.ru/public/journals/1/cover_issue_18_ru.jpg"/></meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>production-ready-file-url</meta-name><meta-value><ext-link ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="https://journal.ibispb.ru/index.php/SciNotesIBI/jatsTemplate/download?submissionFileId=1296&amp;fileId=737&amp;submissionId=370&amp;stageId=5"/></meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group></article-meta></front><body/><back><ref-list><ref id="R1"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru_RU">Гребер Дэвид (1961). 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