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<article xmlns="https://jats.nlm.nih.gov/publishing/1.1/" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xml:lang="en" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" dtd-version="1.1" specific-use="eps-0.1"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher">SciNotesIBI</journal-id><journal-id journal-id-type="ojs">SciNotesIBI</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ученые записки Международного банковского института</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="en"><trans-title>Proceedings of the International Banking Institute</trans-title></trans-title-group><abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="en">Proceedings of the International Banking Institute</abbrev-journal-title><abbrev-journal-title xml:lang="ru">Ученые записки Международного банковского института</abbrev-journal-title></journal-title-group><contrib-group/><publisher><publisher-name>Международный банковский институт</publisher-name><publisher-loc><country>RU</country><uri>https://www.ibispb.ru/</uri></publisher-loc></publisher><issn pub-type="ppub">2413-3345</issn><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.ibispb.ru/index.php/SciNotesIBI"/></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">256</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="EDN">LTFQDE</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Статьи</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Efficient pricing of vanilla and exotic options with multiple discrete dividends using finite-difference method</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Эффективное ценообразование европейских, американских и экзотических опционов с многократными дискретными дивидендами с использованием метода конечных разностей</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group content-type="author"><contrib><name-alternatives><string-name specific-use="display">Shpolyanskiy Y.A.</string-name><name name-style="western" specific-use="primary"><surname>Шполянский</surname><given-names>Юрий Александрович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff-2"/><bio xml:lang="en"><p>Doctor of science (Physics &amp; Mathematics)</p>
<p>ITIVITI (190000 St. Petersburg, Russia, Yakubovicha 24, New St. Isaac Office Centre)</p>
<p>ITMO University (197101, St Petersburg, Russia, Kronverksky 49)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.ф.-м.н.</p>
<p>ITIVITI (190000, Санкт-Петербург, Россия, Якубовича 24, Офисный особняк Ново-Исаакiевский)</p>
<p>Университет ИТМО (197101, Санкт-Петербург, Кронверкский, 49, Россия)</p></bio></contrib><contrib><name-alternatives><string-name specific-use="display">Кислин Д.А.</string-name><name name-style="western" specific-use="primary"><surname>Kislin</surname><given-names>Dmitriy A.</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>ITIVITI (190000, Санкт-Петербург, Россия, Якубовича 24, Офисный особняк Ново-Исаакiевский)</p></bio><bio xml:lang="en"><p>ITMO University (197101, St Petersburg, Russia, Kronverksky 49)</p></bio></contrib></contrib-group><aff id="aff-1"><institution content-type="orgname">ITIVITI</institution></aff><aff id="aff-2"><institution content-type="orgname">ITMO University</institution></aff><pub-date date-type="collection"><year>2019</year></pub-date><pub-date date-type="pub" publication-format="epub"><day>23</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><issue seq="11">4 (30)</issue><issue-id>26</issue-id><fpage>127</fpage><lpage>155</lpage><pub-history><event event-type="received"><event-desc>Received: <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-09T13:07:12+00:00"><day>9</day><month>4</month><year>2026</year></date></event-desc></event></pub-history><permissions><copyright-statement>Copyright (c) 2019 Ученые записки Международного банковского института</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder>Ученые записки Международного банковского института</copyright-holder><license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"><license-p>&lt;a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"&gt;&lt;img alt="Creative Commons License" src="//i.creativecommons.org/l/by-nc/4.0/88x31.png" /&gt;&lt;/a&gt;&lt;p&gt;This work is licensed under a &lt;a rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/"&gt;Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License&lt;/a&gt;.&lt;/p&gt;</license-p></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.ibispb.ru/index.php/SciNotesIBI/article/download/256/256/883" content-type="application/pdf"/><self-uri xlink:href="https://journal.ibispb.ru/index.php/SciNotesIBI/article/view/256"/><abstract><p>A modern system for trading on electronic markets should calculate theoretical prices of thousands of vanilla and exotic options in real time. It is much trickier to satisfy this requirement if underlying securities pay discrete dividends during option lifetime, because exact closed formulas are usually not available in this case and more time-consuming numerical procedures are employed. In this paper we address pricing of vanilla European and American options, as well as Asian options, all with multiple discrete dividends. We describe a common approach for all setups based on finite-difference solution of Black-Scholes (BS) partial differential equation (PDE) using Crank-Nicolson (CN) scheme with Rannacher time stepping. If an exact or approximate closed formula is available for the option price without dividends, we apply it as a final condition on the last ex-dividend date instead of a standard payoff function on the expiration date. This original contribution substantially improves numerical results for European and exotic options, because such final conditions are smooth, while payoffs are not, which is crucial for CN scheme. Besides, the computation time is shortened proportionally to the reduction of time domain. The approach is efficient also for Asian options with dividends paid before the averaging period, because it eliminates the need in extra dimension for the average underlying price in BS PDE. </p>
<p>Highlights: Generic framework to price vanilla and exotic options with dividends is developed; Crank-Nicholson scheme with Rannacher time stepping provides stability; Final condition is moved to last dividend date if analytical solution is available.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Современная система алгоритмической торговли на электронных биржах должна рассчитывать теоретические цены тысяч европейских, американских и экзотических опционов в режиме реального времени. Гораздо сложнее выполнять это требование, если по базовым активам выплачиваются дискретные дивиденды в течение срока действия опциона, поскольку точные аналитические формулы обычно не доступны в этом случае и используются более трудоемкие численные методы. В данной статье мы рассматриваем ценообразование европейских и американских опционов, а также азиатских опционов с многократными дискретными дивидендами. Мы описываем общий подход для всех рассматриваемых задач, основанный на конечно-разностном решении уравнения Блэка-Шоулза (БШ) в частных производных с использованием схемы Кранка-Николсона (КН) с дроблением временного шага метдом Раннахера. Если существует точная или приближенная аналитическая формула для расчета цены опциона без дивидендов, мы применяем ее в качестве конечного условия на последнюю экс-дивидендную дату вместо стандартной функции выплаты в дату исполнения. Этот оригинальный подход существенно улучшает численные результаты для европейских и экзотических опционов, потому что такие конечные условия являются гладкими, в то время как функции выплаты таковыми не являются, что крайне важно для схемы КН. Кроме того, время вычислений сокращается пропорционально сокращению временной области. Этот подход эффективен также для азиатских опционов, дивиденды которых выплачиваются до периода усреднения, поскольку он понижает размерность уравнения БШ в этом случае. Основные характеристики: Разработан подход для оценки европейских, американских и экзотических опционов с дивидендами; Схема Крэнка-Николсона с временным шагом Раннахера обеспечивает стабильность; Конечное условие переносится на дату последнего дивиденда, если имеется аналитическое решение.</p></trans-abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru&lt;p&gt;Современная система алгоритмической торговли на электронных биржах должна рассчитывать теоретические цены тысяч европейских, американских и экзотических опционов в режиме реального времени. Гораздо сложнее выполнять это требование, если по базовым активам выплачиваются дискретные дивиденды в течение срока действия опциона, поскольку точные аналитические формулы обычно не доступны в этом случае и используются более трудоемкие численные методы. В данной статье мы рассматриваем ценообразование европейских и американских опционов, а также азиатских опционов с многократными дискретными дивидендами. Мы описываем общий подход для всех рассматриваемых задач, основанный на конечно-разностном решении уравнения Блэка-Шоулза (БШ) в частных производных с использованием схемы Кранка-Николсона (КН) с дроблением временного шага метдом Раннахера. Если существует точная или приближенная аналитическая формула для расчета цены опциона без дивидендов, мы применяем ее в качестве конечного условия на последнюю экс-дивидендную дату вместо стандартной функции выплаты в дату исполнения. Этот оригинальный подход существенно улучшает численные результаты для европейских и экзотических опционов, потому что такие конечные условия являются гладкими, в то время как функции выплаты таковыми не являются, что крайне важно для схемы КН. Кроме того, время вычислений сокращается пропорционально сокращению временной области. Этот подход эффективен также для азиатских опционов, дивиденды которых выплачиваются до периода усреднения, поскольку он понижает размерность уравнения БШ в этом случае. Основные характеристики: Разработан подход для оценки европейских, американских и экзотических опционов с дивидендами; Схема Крэнка-Николсона с временным шагом Раннахера обеспечивает стабильность; Конечное условие переносится на дату последнего дивиденда, если имеется аналитическое решение.&lt;/p&gt;"/><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><title>Ключевые слова</title><kwd>option pricing</kwd><kwd>finite-difference method</kwd><kwd>European options</kwd><kwd>American options</kwd><kwd>Asian options</kwd><kwd>discrete dividends</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><title>Keywords</title><kwd>ценообразование опционов</kwd><kwd>метод конечных разностей</kwd><kwd>европейские опционы</kwd><kwd>американские опционы</kwd><kwd>азиатские опционы</kwd><kwd>дискретные дивиденды</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group><award-group><funding-source xml:lang="en">Настоящее исследование не получило внешнего финансирования.</funding-source></award-group><award-group><funding-source xml:lang="ru">This research received no external funding.</funding-source></award-group></funding-group><counts><page-count count="29"/></counts><custom-meta-group><custom-meta><meta-name>issue-cover</meta-name><meta-value><inline-graphic xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="https://journal.ibispb.ru/public/journals/1/cover_issue_26_ru.jpg"/></meta-value></custom-meta></custom-meta-group><custom-meta-group/></article-meta></front><body/><back><ref-list><ref id="R1"><mixed-citation xml:lang="ru_RU">M. 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